What was fundamentalism 1920s

Many groupings, large and small, were produced by this schism. Neo-evangelicalism, Reformed and Lutheran Confessionalism, the Heritage movement, and Paleo-Orthodoxy have all developed distinct identities, but none of them acknowledges any more than an historical overlap with the Fundamentalist movement, and the term is seldom used in reference to them.

The Ku Klux Klan, an organization promoting white supremacy and anti-immigration, peaked in its prominence during the s. The KKK advocates extreme reactionary, and often violent, agendas such as white supremacy, white nationalism, anti-immigration, and, since the mid-twentieth century, anti-communism.

The current manifestation is classified as a hate group with an estimated membership of between 3, and 5, members. The first Klan flourished in the southern United States in the late s, and then died out by the early s. Members adopted white costumes: robes, masks, and conical hats, designed to be outlandish and terrifying and to hide their identities.

In the early s, the KKK remerged with costumes and code words similar to the first Klan, becoming a nationwide movement by the s. This second Klan was founded by William J. Simmons at Stone Mountain, outside Atlanta, Georgia. It added to the original anti-black ideology with a new anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic, and Prohibitionist agenda.

The case fueled anti-Semitism, and Frank was later kidnapped from prison and lynched. The new organization emulated the fictionalized version of the Klan presented in the film, The Birth of a Nation. The Kleagle would keep half of the money and send the rest to state or national officials. After finishing with an area, he would organize a huge rally, often with burning crosses and the presentation of a Bible to a local Protestant minister, and then leave town with the money. The local units operated like fraternal organizations and occasionally brought in speakers.

In , approximately Klan members set fire to saloons in Union County, Arkansas. Membership in the Klan and in other Prohibition groups overlapped, and they often coordinated activities. In southern cities such as Birmingham, Alabama, Klan members controlled access to better-paying industrial jobs, but opposed labor unions.

During the s and s, Klan leaders urged members to disrupt the Congress of Industrial Organizations CIO , which advocated industrial unions and was open to African-American members.

A significant characteristic of the second Klan was its base in urban areas, reflecting the major shifts of population to cities in both the North and the South. Most were lower- to middle-class whites trying to protect their jobs and housing from waves of newcomers to the industrial cities. These included immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, who tended to be Catholic and Jewish in numbers higher than earlier groups of immigrants, as well as black and white migrants from the South.

As new populations poured into cities, rapidly changing neighborhoods experienced social tensions. Due to the rapid pace of population growth in cities undergoing industrialization, such as Detroit and Chicago, the Klan grew rapidly in the Midwest, as well as in booming southern cities such as Dallas and Houston. Cross burning was introduced during the reemergence of the Klan in Though it counted a high number of members statewide, with more than 30 percent of its white male citizens, its importance peaked with the election of Governor Edward L.

Jackson, a Klan member who was involved in several political scandals and tried for bribery in before finishing his term in disgrace in In that same period, the scandal surrounding the murder trial of D.

Stephenson destroyed the image of the Ku Klux Klan as upholders of law and order. He was convicted of second-degree murder for his part in the rape and subsequent death of Madge Oberholtzer, a white, year-old election official. Stephenson was convicted in of the rape and murder of a year-old state employee, which led to the discrediting of the Klan as upholders of law and order. Many groups and leaders, including prominent Protestant ministers such as Reinhold Niebuhr in Detroit, spoke out against the Klan.

When one civic group began to publish Klan membership lists, the membership quickly declined. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People carried on public education campaigns to inform people about Klan activities and lobbied against Klan abuses in Congress.

After its peak in , Klan membership in most areas of the Midwest began to decline rapidly, and by , the Ku Klux Klan as a whole was discredited and suffering from what has been observed as a failure in its leadership. They were unable to staunch the declining membership. This has happened in the press, in academia, and in ordinary language. It appears to be expanding to include any unquestioned adherence to fundamental principles or beliefs, and is often used in a pejorative sense.

Nowadays we hear about not only Protestant evangelical fundamentalists, but Catholic fundamentalists, Mormon fundamentalists, Islamic fundamentalists, Hindu fundamentalists, Buddhist fundamentalists, and even atheist or secular or Darwinian fundamentalists. Scholars of religion have perhaps indirectly contributed to this expansion of the term, as they have tried to look for similarities in ways of being religious that are common in various systems of belief.

Fundamentalist worship practices were heavily influenced by evangelism and revivalism. Fundamentalist Movement Fact 7: The Fundamentalists believed strongly and literally in everything written the Bible. They totally rejected the ideas of Charles Darwin theory of evolution and prevented it from being taught in schools. Charles Darwin had said that humans had evolved from apes over millions of years.

The Fundamentalists especially disagreed with the idea that men and monkeys had evolved from the same creature. John Scopes was accused of teaching Darwinism, the theory of the evolutionary origin of man, rather than the doctrine of divine creation..

Fundamentalist Movement Fact The 'Monkey Trial': William Jennings Bryan — , a firm believer in a literal interpretation of the Bible, acted as solicitor for the fundamentalists. The 'Monkey Trial' cartoon ridicules anti-evolutionists.

Fundamentalist Movement Fact The much publicized court battle proved a victory for supporters of evolutionary theory but the Fundamental Christians continued with their crusade helped by the charismatic evangelists and ardent Fundamentalists Aimee Semple McPherson and Billy Sunday. Fundamentalist Movement Fact Billy Sunday — started his career as a professional baseball player and became a popular, highly animated, evangelical preacher of the Fundamentalist Movement attracting huge crowds to his revival meetings.

Rockefeller, Jr. Pentecostalism spread particularly rapidly among lower middle-class and poorer Protestants who sought a more spontaneous and emotional religious experience than that offered by the mainstream religious denominations.

The Fundamentalist and Pentecostal movements arose in the early 20th century as a backlash against modernism, secularism, and scientific teachings that contradicted their religious beliefs. Early fundamentalist doctrine attacked competing religions--especially Catholicism, which it portrayed as an agent of the Antichrist--and insisted on the literal truth of the Bible, a strict return to fundamental principles, and a thoroughgoing rejection of modernity. Between and , Fundamentalists introduced 37 anti-evolution bills into 20 state legislatures.